Factors associated with readmission within three months of surgery for gastric cancer and their long-term effects on patients' nutritional status and quality of life / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To analyze the factors associated with readmission within three months of surgery for gastric cancer and the impact of readmission on patients' long-term nutritional status and quality of life. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study comprising patients who underwent radical gastrectomy in the Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from October 2018 to August 2019. Patients who failed to complete postoperative follow-up, whose body mass index (BMI) could not be accurately estimated, or who were unable to complete a quality-of-life questionnaire were excluded. The patients were followed up for 12 months. Time to, cause(s) of, and outcomes of readmission were followed up 1, 2 and 3 months postoperatively. BMI was followed up 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Results of blood tests were collected and patients' nutritional status and quality of life were assessed 12 months postoperatively. Nutritional status was evaluated by BMI, hemoglobin, albumin, and total lymphocyte count. Quality of life was evaluated using the European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life scale. The higher the scores for global health and functional domains, the better the quality of life, whereas the higher the score in the symptom domain, the worse the quality of life. Results: The study cohort comprised 259 patients with gastric cancer, all of whom were followed up for 3 months and 236 of whom were followed up for 12 months. Forty-four (17.0%) patients were readmitted within 3 months. The commonest reasons for readmission were gastrointestinal dysfunction (16 cases, 36.3%), intestinal obstruction (8 cases, 18.2%), and anastomotic stenosis (8 cases, 18.2%). Logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment score ≥ 4 points (OR=1.481, 95% CI: 1.028‒2.132), postoperative complications (OR=3.298, 95%CI:1.416‒7.684) and resection range (OR=1.582, 95% CI:1.057‒2.369) were risk factors for readmission within 3 months of surgery. Compared with patients who had not been readmitted 12 months after surgery, patients who were readmitted within 3 months of surgery tended to have greater decreases in their BMI [-2.36 (-5.13,-0.42) kg/m2 vs. -1.73 (-3.33,-0.33) kg/m2, Z=1.850, P=0.065), significantly lower hemoglobin and albumin concentrations [(122.1±16.6) g/L vs. (129.8±18.4) g/L, t=2.400, P=0.017]; [(40.9±5.0) g/L vs. (43.4±3.3) g/L, t=3.950, P<0.001], and significantly decreased global health scores in the quality of life assessment [83 (67, 100) vs. 100 (83, 100), Z=2.890,P=0.004]. Conclusion: Preoperative nutritional risk, total or proximal radical gastrectomy, and complications during hospitalization are risk factors for readmission within 3 months of surgery for gastric cancer. Perioperative management and postoperative follow-up should be more rigorous. Readmission within 3 months after surgery may be associated with a decline in long-term nutritional status and quality of life. Achieving improvement in long-term nutritional status and quality of life requires tracking of nutritional status, timely evaluation, and appropriate interventions in patients who need readmission.

Preoperative evaluation of gastric cancer and risk factors for postoperative complications / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Surgical resection plays pivotal role in the treatment of gastric cancer. Adequate preoperative evaluation, precise intraoperative maneuver and delicate postoperative management lay the foundation for successful gastrectomy. The aim of preoperative evaluation is to stage tumor and identify potential risk factors (including preoperative factors like age, ASA status, body mass index, comorbidity, hypoalbuminemia, and intraoperative factors like blood loss and combined resection) which could lead to postoperative complication. With the management of prehabilitation, adequate medical decision could be made and patient's fast recovery could be ensured. With the rapid adoption of ERAS concept, there is increasing attention to prehabilitation which focus on optimization of cardio-pulmonary capacity and muscular-skeletal capacity. Despite of the efficacy of prehabilitation demonstrated by randomized controlled trials, consensus has yet to be reached on the following items: specific intervention, optimal measurement, candidate population and optimal timing for intervention. Balancing the efficiency and safety, preoperative evaluation could be put into clinical practice smoothly.

Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of post-operative rare complications after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer results in various post-operative complications, and the influencing factors are complicated. The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of common complications have been reported in many literatures. However, there are few reports on the prevention and treatment of rare complications. Rare complications after radical gastrectomy are often overlooked due to their low incidence. In addition, there are few guidelines and expert consensus regarding to the rare complications. Therefore, clinicians may lack experience in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of rare complications after radical gastrectomy. Based on the literature review and the author's experience, this article systematically reviews seven rare complications after radical gastrectomy (duodenal stump fistula, pancreatic fistula, chyle leakage, esophagomediastinal fistula, internal hernia, gastroparesis, and intussusception). This article aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of rare complications after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients.

Estenosis gastroduodenal: una complicación infrecuente del carcinoma gástrico de células en anillo de sello / Upper gastrointestinal stenosis: a rare complication of gastric-signet ring cell carcinoma / Estenose gastroduodenal: uma complicação rara do carcinoma gástrico de células em anel de sinete

El carcinoma de células en anillo de sello es una variante histopatológica de cáncer gástrico que se encuentra en aumento, se caracteriza por un mal pronóstico. Se presenta el caso de un hombre joven al que se le hizo este diagnóstico en el contexto de una complicación rara como es el síndrome de estenosis gastroduodenal.

Signet ring cell carcinoma is a histopathological variant of gastric cancer that is increasing and is characterized by a poor prognosis. We present the case of a young man who underwent this diagnosis in the context of a rare complication such as upper gastrointestinal stenosis syndrome.

O carcinoma de células em anel de sinete é uma variante histopatológica do câncer gástrico que está aumentando e é caracterizado por um mau prognóstico. É apresentado o caso de um jovem que recebeu este diagnóstico no contexto de uma complicação rara como a síndrome de estenose gastroduodenal.

Effects of gastrectomy on quality of life of patients with gastric cancer and its evaluation methods / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Surgery is the main curative treatment for gastric cancer. As surgical techniques continue to improve, the scope of radical resection and lymph node dissection has formed consensus and guidelines, so people's attention has gradually shifted to the quality of life (QOL) of patients after surgery. Postgastrectomy syndrome is a series of symptoms and signs caused by complications after gastrectomy, which can affect the quality of life of patients with gastric cancer after surgery. Gastrectomy and anastomosis are closely related to postgastrectomy syndrome. The selection of appropriate surgical methods is very important to the quality of life of patients after surgery. This article reviews the effects of gastrectomy procedures on postoperative quality of life of patients with gastric cancer and its evaluation methods.

Paliación endoscópica con stent duodenal en cáncer gástrico estadio IV complicado con estenosis gastroduodenal / Endoscopic stenting for palliation of Stage IV gastric cancer with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. A clinical case / Paliação endoscópica com stent duodenal em câncer gástrico estágio IV complicado por estenose gastroduodenal. Caso clínico

Resumen: Introducción: el cáncer gástrico es la quinta neoplasia en frecuencia a nivel mundial. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío. La estenosis gastroduodenal es una complicación frecuente, que condiciona el pronóstico y el tratamiento. Contamos con varias modalidades en cuanto a la paliación de esta complicación. Destacamos el tratamiento quirúrgico mediante derivación digestiva (gastroenteroanastomosis), y el tratamiento endoscópico, mediante colocación de un stent o prótesis metalica autoexpandible (PMA). El objetivo es exponer el caso clínico de una paciente portadora de un cáncer gástrico avanzado complicado con estenosis gastroduodenal en la cual se optó por la colocación de una PMA. La bibliografía comparativa entre ambas técnicas es controvertida. Existen estudios importantes que recomiendan la técnica quirúrgica frente a la endoscópica, y viceversa. Con este fin se han realizado múltiples trabajos. Los posibles beneficios de la paliación endoscópica son: menor estadía hospitalaria, rápido reintegro a la vía oral. El caso clínico expuesto por el contrario no se benefició de la menor estadía hospitalaria, en parte, por ser necesaria su internación por comorbilidades médicas. No presentó complicaciones posteriores relacionadas al procedimiento. Conclusiones: la elección de la técnica a utilizar deberá ser individualizada, teniendo en cuenta el paciente, sus comorbilidades, recursos técnicos, experiencia del personal, y recursos económicos. Se necesitan más estudios para demostrar beneficio de la técnica paliativa más adecuada.

Abstract: Introduction: gastric cancer is the fifth neoplasm in terms of global incidence and its diagnosis often comes late. Gastric outlet obstruction is a frequent complication that influences prognosis and treatment. Among the various modalities available for palliation of this complication, we stand out two: surgical treatment by means of a digestive derivation: gastrojejunostomy and endoscopic treatment, by placing a stent or a steel mesh self-expanding endoprosthesis (EMP). The study aims to present the clinical case of a patient carrier of advanced gastric cancer with gastric outlet obstruction, who was treated by placing a self-expandable metallic stent. Comparative bibliography of both techniques is controversial. A number of important studies recomend the surgical technique instead of endoscopic treatment, and viceversa. For this reason, several studies have been conducted. The potential benefits of endoscopic palliation are the following: shorter hospital stay, fast return to oral intake. However the clinical case presented did not benefit from a shorter hospital stay, since it required longer hospitalization, partly due to medical comorbilities. There were no complications after the procedure. Conclusions: the specific technique to treat the condition needs to be chosen for each individual case, considering the particular patient and his or her comorbilities, technical resources, the experience of the medical staff and economic resources. More studies are necessary to prove the benefits of the most appropriate palliative technique.

Resumo: Introdução: o câncer gástrico é a quinta neoplasia em frequência no mundo. Seu diagnóstico costuma ser tardio. A estenose gastroduodenal é uma complicação frequente, que determina o prognóstico e o tratamento. Existem várias modalidades quanto à paliação desta complicação entre os quais destacamos o tratamento cirúrgico por derivação digestiva: gastro enteroanastomose e o tratamento endoscópico, com colocação de Stent ou Prótese Metálica Autoexpansível (PMA). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o caso clínico de um paciente com câncer gástrico avançado complicado por estenose gastroduodenal em que se optou pela colocação de PMA. A bibliografia comparativa entre as duas técnicas é controversa. Existem estudos importantes que preconizam a técnica cirúrgica em detrimento da endoscópica e vice-versa. Para isso, vários trabalhos foram realizados. Os possíveis benefícios da paliação endoscópica são: menor tempo de internação, rápida reintrodução à via oral. Neste caso o paciente não se beneficiou do menor tempo de internação, em parte, porque a internação foi necessária por comorbidades médicas. Não foram observadas complicações subsequentes relacionadas ao procedimento. Conclusões: a escolha da técnica a ser utilizada deve ser individualizada, levando em consideração o paciente, suas comorbidades, os recursos técnicos, a experiência da equipe e os recursos econômicos. Mais estudos são necessários para demonstrar o benefício da técnica paliativa mais adequada.

Perfil de citocinas Th1, Th2, Th17 y otras citocinas pro inflamatorias (IL-1ß, IL-6 y TNFα) en el plasma de pacientes con cáncer gástrico / Th1, Th2, Th17 cytokine profile and other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNFα) in the plasma of patients with gastric cancer

El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la neoplasia del tubo digestivo más prevalente en el mundo, asociada a factores genéticos del hospedero y externos, como infección por Helicobacter pylori. La patogénesis incluye inflamación crónica mediada por citocinas del microambiente tumoral, detectables sistémicamente. Estudios previos reportan niveles séricos de citocinas y su contribución al diagnóstico de CG. El presente estudio analiza el perfil de citocinas del tipo de Th1(IFNγ), Th2(IL-4 e IL-10), Th17(Th-17A) y otras pro inflamatorias: IL-1ß, IL-6 y TNF-α, en plasma de 70 casos de pacientes con CG comparándolos con 132 sujetos sanos equiparables en edad y sexo. Los casos provinieron del Hospital Roosevelt e Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Guatemala (Incan) y formaron parte de un estudio previo. Se analizó la base de datos clínicos, patológicos y epidemiológicos. Se midieron los niveles de citocinas utilizando el sistema "MSD MULTI-SPOT Assay System". La edad promedio de los casos fue 59.5 años, (DE 13.0), 51%, eran positivos para IgG anti H. pylori. Un 71% presentó adenocarcinoma grado III (Borrman), según clasificación de Lauren 55% tenían tipo intestinal. Las siete citocinas cuantificadas se encontraron significativamente elevadas (p < .05) en el plasma de los casos respecto a sus controles. Los casos de CG tipo difuso presentaron niveles de IFNγ significativa-mente elevados. Por regresión logística, las citocinas IL-6 e IL-10, están asociadas significativamente a CG (p < .05) independientemente del estatus de infección por H. pylori. Se destacan la IL-6 e IL-10 como las principales citocinas asociadas a la presencia de CG.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the most prevalent gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, associated with host and external genetic factors, such as Helicobacter pylori infection. The pathogenesis includes chronic inflammation mediated by cytokines of the tumor microenvironment, systemically detectable. Previous studies report serum levels of cyto-kines and their contribution to the diagnosis of GC. The present study analyzes the profile of cytokines of the type Th1 (IFNγ), Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10), Th17 (Th-17A) and other pro-inflammatory: IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, in plasma of 70 cases of patients with GC compared with 132 healthy subjects comparable in age and sex. The cases came from the Roosevelt Hospital and the National Cancer Institute of Guatemala -Incan- and were part of a previous study. The clinical, pathological and epidemiological databases were analyzed. Cytokine levels were measured using the "MSD MULTI-SPOT Assay System". The average age of the cases was 59.5 years, (SD 13.0), 51% were positive for IgG anti H. pylori, 71% had grade III adenocarcinoma (Borrman), according to Laurenís classification, 55% had intestinal type. The seven cytokines quantified were found to be significantly elevated (p < .05) in the plasma of the cases compared to their controls. The diffuse GC cases presented significantly elevated IFNγ levels. By logistic regression, the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 are significantly associated with GC (p < .05) regardless of the H. pylori infection status. IL-6 and IL-10 stand out as the main cytokines associated with the presence of GC.

Fatal tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma

Tumor lysis syndrome is a well-characterized and potentially deadly complication of spontaneous or treatment-related tumor destruction, and it is most commonly associated with hematologic malignancies. Our case illustrates a rare example of fatal tumor lysis syndrome in the setting of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma treated with radiation therapy. This case highlights the critical importance of identifying patients with solid organ malignancies at risk for tumor lysis syndrome and of early recognition and treatment of this syndrome.

Comportamiento clínico, endoscópico e histológico del cáncer gástrico diagnosticado en el Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" / Histological, endoscopic and clinical behavior of gastric cancer diagnosed in the Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy"

RESUMEN Introducción: en los últimos años, se aprecia a nivel global un aumento del cáncer gástrico. La mayoría de los tumores gástricos primarios son malignos. En Matanzas, existe un incremento de esta patología. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento clínico, endoscópico e histológico del cáncer gástrico diagnosticado. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo en el Departamento de Gastroenterología del Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", de la ciudad de Matanzas, en el período de enero del 2017 a octubre del 2019. El universo fue 25 pacientes que presentaron cáncer gástrico por diagnóstico endoscópico e histológico. Resultados: el grupo de edad más afectado correspondió a los pacientes entre 61 y 70 años, (44 %). El sexo masculino predominó en un 68 %. Los factores de riesgo de mayor incidencia, fueron la dieta inadecuada y el hábito de fumar. Las manifestaciones clínicas más relevantes fueron: epigastralgia, plenitud gástrica y pérdida de peso. La variedad hística que predominó fue el adenocarcinoma difuso y la localización el antro. Conclusiones: el cáncer gástrico constituye un problema de salud que, al actuar sobre los factores de riesgo se puede disminuir su incidencia; con un diagnóstico precoz se logrará disminuir la mortalidad (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: an increase of gastric cancer is appreciated in the world in the last years. Most of the primary gastric tumors are malignant. There is an increase of this disease also in Matanzas. Objective: to determine the histological, endoscopic and clinical behavior of the diagnosed gastric cancer. Materials and methods: a prospective, descriptive and observational study was carried out in the Department of Gastroenterology of the Hospital "Mario Munoz Monroy, of Matanzas, in the period from January 2017 to October 2019. The universe were 25 patients presenting gastric cancer by histologic and endoscopic diagnosis. Results: The most affected age group was the one of patients among 61 and 70 years old (44 %). Male sex predominated in 68 %. The risk factors having higher incidence were an inadequate diet and smoking. The more relevant clinical manifestation were epigastralgia, gastric fullness and weight loss. The predominating tissue variety was the diffuse adenocarcinoma and antrum location. Conclusions: gastric cancer is a health problem the incidence of which could be reduced when acting on its risk factors; with a precocious diagnosis mortality will be reduced (AU).

Carcinoma gástrico e disfagia: uma revisão sistemática / Gastric carcinoma and dysfunction: a systematic review / Carcinoma gástrico y disfagia: una revisión sistemática

Introdução: O carcinoma gástrico, também conhecido como câncer de estômago é um dos tipos de câncer com grande incidência no Brasil, segundo dados do INCA. As formas de tratamento para carcinomas gástricos estão relacionadas ao estágio em que a doença se encontra, podem variar de cirurgias, ressecções a gastrectomias e linfadenectomias, podendo ser necessária a presença de quimioterapia. Sabe-se que alguns dos muitos tipos de cânceres podem levar à apresentação de algum quadro de disfagia, caracterizada pelas alterações no processo de deglutição. Objetivo: verificar qual o impacto do câncer gástrico na disfagia. Material e Método: Buscas de artigos nas bases de dados Medline (Pubmed), Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS e MEDLINE sem restrição de localização ou idiomas, publicados no período de janeiro de 2010 até agosto de 2018. A pesquisa foi realizada na base de dados com os descritores ("Deglutition Disorders" or "Dysphagia" or "Esophageal Dysphagia" or "Oropharyngeal Dysphagia" or "Swallowing Disorders") and ("Stomach Neoplasms" or "Cancer of Stomach" or "Cancer of the Stomach" or "Gastric Cancer" or "Gastric Cancer, Familial Diffuse" or "Gastric Neoplasms" or "Neoplasms, Gastric or Neoplasms", "Stomach" or "Stomach Cancer"). Resultados: A relação entre o câncer gástrico e a disfagia é abordada como uma importante consequência dos tipos de tratamentos. Foram encontrados cinco estudos que responderam a pergunta norteadora. Três dos cinco estudos selecionados tratam da qualidade de vida dos pacientes posteriormente ao tratamento. Conclusão: Foi verificado que a disfagia é observada como uma possível consequência do carcinoma gástrico e seu tratamento.

Introduction: Gastric carcinoma, also known as stomach cancer, is one of the types of cancer with great incidence in Brazil, according to INCA data. The forms of treatment for gastric carcinomas are related to the stage in which the disease is, may vary from surgeries, resections to gastrectomies and lymphadenectomies, and the presence of chemotherapy may be necessary. It is known that some of the many types of cancers can lead to the presentation of some dysphagia, characterized by changes in the swallowing process. Objective: to verify the impact of gastric cancer on dysphagia. Material and Method: Searches for articles in the Medline (Pubmed), Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE databases without restrictions on location or languages, published between January 2010 and August 2018. The research was carried out on the basis of data with descriptors ("Deglutition Disorders" or "Dysphagia" or "Esophageal Dysphagia" or "Oropharyngeal Dysphagia" or "Swallowing Disorders") and ("Stomach Neoplasms" or "Cancer of Stomach" or "Cancer of the Stomach" or " Gastric Cancer "or" Gastric Cancer, Familial Diffuse "or" Gastric Neoplasms "or" Neoplasms, Gastric or Neoplasms "," Stomach "or" Stomach Cancer "). Results: The relationship between gastric cancer and dysphagia is addressed as an important consequence of the types of treatments. Five studies were found that answered the guiding question. Three of the five selected studies deal with patients' quality of life after treatment. Conclusion: It was found that dysphagia is seen as a consequence of gastric carcinoma and its treatment.

Introducción: el carcinoma gástrico, también conocido como cáncer de estómago, es uno de los tipos de cáncer con gran incidencia en Brasil, según datos de INCA. Las formas de tratamiento para los carcinomas gástricos están relacionadas con la etapa en que se encuentra la enfermedad, pueden variar de cirugías, resecciones a gastrectomías y linfadenectomías, y puede ser necesaria la presencia de quimioterapia. Se sabe que algunos de los muchos tipos de cáncer pueden conducir a la presentación de cierta disfagia, caracterizada por cambios en el proceso de deglución. Objetivo: verificar el impacto del cáncer gástrico en la disfagia. Material y método: búsquedas de artículos en las bases de datos Medline (Pubmed), Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS y MEDLINE sin restricciones de ubicación o idiomas, publicadas entre enero de 2010 y agosto de 2018. La investigación se realizó sobre la base de datos con descriptores ("Trastornos de la deglución" o "Disfagia" o "Disfagia esofágica" o "Disfagia orofaríngea" o "Trastornos de la deglución") y ("Neoplasias estomacales" o "Cáncer de estómago" o "Cáncer de estómago" o " Cáncer gástrico "o" Cáncer gástrico, difuso familiar "o" Neoplasias gástricas "o" Neoplasias, gástricas o neoplasias "," Estómago "o" Cáncer de estómago "). Resultados: la relación entre el cáncer gástrico y la disfagia se aborda como una consecuencia importante de los tipos de tratamientos. Se encontraron cinco estudios que respondieron a la pregunta guía. Tres de los cinco estudios seleccionados abordan la calidad de vida de los pacientes después del tratamiento. Conclusión: se encontró que la disfagia se considera una posible consecuencia del carcinoma gástrico y su tratamiento.

Mieloptisis y cáncer gástrico: Una asociación infrecuente / Myelophthisis and gastric cancer. An unusual association

Se denomina mieloptisis a la infiltración de la médula ósea por células no hematopoyéticas. En pacientes con cáncer gástrico esta invasión es extremadamente infrecuente y la supervivencia suele ser menor a tres meses. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 35 años con compromiso de la médula ósea secundario a un carcinoma gástrico difuso de células en anillo de sello.

The infiltration of the bone marrow y non-hematopoietic cells is called myelophthisis. In patients with gastric cancer, this invasion is extremely infrequent and the survival is usually less than three months. We present the case of a 35-year-old man with bone marrow involvement secondary to diffuse gastric carcinoma of signet ring cells.

Intraoral acanthosis nigricans and its clinical relevance as a manifestation of a paraneoplastic syndrome: a case report / Acantosis nigricans intraoral y su relevancia clínica como manifestación de un síndrome paraneoplásico: reporte de un caso

Malignant-or-paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans is a verrucous and hyperpigmented tumor affecting the mucosa and skin. In most cases malignant acanthosis nigricans is a distant manifestation of an intra-abdominal primary cancer. While the diagnosis of malignant acanthosis nigricans is challenging, some specific clinical and histopathological findings could lead to an accurate diagnosis. A rare clinical case of a 59-year-old female, who was referred to the maxillofacial surgery service due to a painful oral lesion in the palatine region, is presented. Upon examination, papillomatous lesions were observed on the hard palate, that were later diagnosed as intraoral malignant acanthosis nigricans secondary to gastric cancer. Both local and systemic evaluations are discussed, highlighting the relevance of a multidisciplinary approach consistent with the fact that these manifestations, although infrequent, should generate suspicion among clinicians and therefore motivation to perform a diligent and complete study since it can reveal the presence of a malignant pathology.

La acantosis nigricans maligna o paraneoplásica es un tumor verrugoso e hiperpigmentado que afecta la mucosa y la piel. En la mayoría de los casos, la acantosis nigricans maligna es una manifestación distante de un cáncer primario intraabdominal. Si bien el diagnóstico de acantosis nigricans maligna es desafiante, algunos hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos específicos podrían conducir a un diagnóstico preciso. Se presenta un caso clínico raro de una mujer de 59 años, que fue derivada al servicio de cirugía maxilofacial debido a una lesión oral dolorosa en la región palatina. En el examen, se observaron lesiones papilomatosas en el paladar duro, que posteriormente se diagnosticaron como acantosis nigricans maligna intraoral secundaria a cáncer gástrico. Se discuten tanto las evaluaciones locales como las sistémicas, destacando la relevancia de un enfoque multidisciplinario consistente con el hecho de que estas manifestaciones, aunque poco frecuentes, deberían generar sospecha entre los clínicos y, por lo tanto, motivación para un estudio diligente y completo, ya que puede revelar la presencia de una patología maligna.

Ceguera cortical como manifestación inicial de endocarditis trombótica no bacteriana / Cortical blindness as initial manifestation of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

La endocarditis trombótica no bacteriana, antiguamente conocida como endocarditis marántica, es una entidad infrecuente en la que se desarrollan vegetaciones estériles, compuestas por fibrina en las válvulas del corazón. Suele diagnosticarse en el momento de la autopsia o en enfermedades oncológicas avanzadas. Las neoplasias malignas más frecuentemente asociadas con esta entidad son las de pulmón, páncreas, estómago y adenocarcinomas de origen primario desconocido. Es necesario descartar la endocarditis infecciosa y establecer la presencia de vegetaciones valvulares mediante ecocardiografía. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico reciente de adenocarcinoma de estómago en estadio avanzado que presentó ceguera cortical e imágenes compatibles con isquemia cerebral. El ecocardiograma transesofágico mostró dos vegetaciones en válvula mitral. Los hemocultivos fueron negativos. Se enfatiza la importancia de sospechar endocarditis trombótica no bacteriana en enfermos con cáncer y embolismo sistémico.

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, formerly known as marantic endocarditis, it is an infrequent entity in which sterile, fibrin vegetations develop on heart valve leaflets. It is often diagnosed at the time of autopsy or in late-stage malignancies. The most common malignancies associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis are lung, pancreatic, gastric cancer and adenocarcinomas of an unknown primary site. Diagnosis requires ruling out infective endocarditis and establishing the presence of valvular vegetations using echocardiography. We report the case of a patient with a recent diagnosis of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma who presented with cortical blindness. The computed tomography was compatible with cerebral ischemia. The transoesophageal echocardiogram showed two vegetations in mitral valve. Blood cultures were negative. We emphasize the importance of suspecting nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in patients with cancer and systemic embolism.

Hypoglycemia caused by co-secretion of insulin from lung tumor and cardia cancer: first case report

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Non-islet-cell-tumor-induced hypoglycemia (NICTH) is caused on rare occasions by secretion of insulin from tumor cells that are reported to have a single tissue origin. CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old male patient had cardia adenocarcinoma and concomitant lung adenocarcinoma with extensive metastases and repeated episodes of intractable hypoglycemia. Immunohistochemical staining for insulin showed that lung adenocarcinoma stained positive and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma stained weakly positive. These results indicate that tumor cells of different tissue origins co-secreted insulin. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on intractable hypoglycemia due to co-secretion of insulin from two kinds of primary tumor cells in a single patient.

Lipoma gástrico: lesión submucosa infrecuente: reporte de dos casos tratados / Unusual gastric submucosal lipoma lesion: report of two cases

El lipoma gástrico (LG), es un tumor benigno raro que representa el 5 % de los lipomas gastrointestinales y menos del 1 % de todos los tumores gástricos. Se localizan habitualmente a nivel de la submucosa y generalmente en la región antral. La endoscopia y la tomografía computarizada son las herramientas diagnósticas más utilizadas en el proceso diagnóstico. Dada su relativa rareza, quedan a menudo fuera del diagnóstico diferencial de las masas submucosas gastrointestinales superiores. El objetivo de este manuscrito, es reportar dos casos tratados de forma consecutiva y revisar la literatura existente en esta materia. Se trata de dos pacientes de sexo masculino, de 49 y 69 años de edad, a quienes se diagnosticó una lesión submucosa gástrica por endoscopia y fueron tratados quirúrgicamente y cuyos especímenes fueron estudiados histológicamente, concluyéndose en ambos casos la existencia de un LG. Ambos pacientes evolucionaron de forma correcta y permanecen en controles clínicos y endoscópicos hasta la actualidad, sin inconvenientes. El LG es una entidad poco común, que puede simular una enfermedad maligna. Presentamos dos casos tratados quirúrgicamente con resultados satisfactorios.

Gastric lipoma (GL), is a rare benign tumor that represents 5 % of gastrointestinal lipomas and less than 1 % of all gastric tumors. They are usually located at the level of the submucosa and usually in the antral region. Endoscopy and computed tomography are the diagnostic tools most used in the diagnostic process. Given their relative rarity, they are often left out of the differential diagnosis of the upper gastrointestinal submucosal masses. The aim of this manuscript was to report two cases treated consecutively and review the existing literature on this subject. Two male patients, 49 and 69 years of age, were diagnosed with a gastric submucosal lesion by endoscopy and were treated surgically. The specimens were studied histologically; concluding the existence of a GL in both cases. The two patients evolved adequately and have remained in clinical and endoscopic controls until now, without problems. GL is a rare entity, which can simulate a malignant disease. We present two cases treated surgically with satisfactory results.

Cáncer de colon con infiltración a pared abdominal: un reto diagnóstico / Colonic cancer with infiltration to the abdominal wall: a diagnostic challenge

Se presenta el caso de una paciente mujer de 53 años procedente de Piura con un tiempo de enfermedad de 20 meses, caracterizado por dolor en sitio de herida quirúrgica por colecistectomía abierta realizada hace 3 años, asociado a presencia de una masa en dicha zona, posteriormente se absceda y comienza a drenar secreción alimentaria. Los estudios de imágenes revelaron una masa dependiente de colon transverso en contacto con estómago y pared abdominal que presentaba fistulas hacia piel. Dicha masa fue extraída durante la cirugía con resultado anatomopatológico de adenocarcinoma mucinoso de colon. El caso representó un reto diagnóstico para el equipo médico y en vista de las diversas manifestaciones clínicas del cáncer de colon, sugerimos mantenerlo presente como diagnóstico diferencial en cuadros de absceso de pared abdominal y fistulizaciones entéricas.

We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with a time of illness of 20 months, characterized by pain at the site of surgical intervention for opened cholecystectomy 3 years ago, associated with a presence of a mass in said area, with the following abscess formation and fistulization of food content. Imaging studies revealed a mass dependent of the transverse colon, in contact with stomach and abdominal wall and presenting fistulas to the skin. Said mass was extracted during surgery with anatomopathological result of mucinous colon adenocarcinoma. The case represented a diagnostic challenge for the medical team and in view of the variaty of clinical manifestations of colonic cancer, we suggest that it should be consider as a differential diagnosis in cases of abdominal wall abscess and enteric fistulas.

An elderly man with gastric cancer, Saint's triad and Heyde's syndrome / Un anciano con cáncer gástrico, tríada de Saint y síndrome de Heyde

This case study describes a 71-year-old man with signet-ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma and malignant sigmoidal polyp; and typical features of Saint's triad and Heyde syndrome. He had digestive bleeding, two types of hernia, diverticulosis, arterial hypertension, malignant polyp, and antecedent of smoking, lung tuberculosis, and surgical correction of aortic valve stenosis. There is a hypothetical inverse relationship between herniosis and development of malignancy; however, the patient herein described presented gastric and sigmoidal cancers. Gastrointestinal malignancies are sometimes associated with paraneoplastic entities, isolated or manifested as syndromes, but neither Saint's triad or Heyde syndrome have been included. This patient persisted clinically stable during the preoperative period, but suddenly died; Trousseau's syndrome would be the most probable mechanism of sudden death in this setting. Case reports can stimulate further studies to get additional knowledge about unusual entities.

Este estudio de caso describe un hombre de 71 años de edad, con adenocarcinoma gástrico con células en anillo de sello y un pólipo maligno sigmoideo; y características típicas de la tríada de Saint y del síndrome de Heyde. Tuvo una hemorragia digestiva, dos tipos de hernias, divertículos, hipertensión arterial, y pólipo maligno; con antecedente de tabaquismo, tuberculosis pulmonar, y corrección quirúrgica de estenosis de la válvula aórtica. Hay una hipotética relación inversa entre hernioses y el desarrollo de malignidades; sin embargo, el paciente que se describe en el presente documento presentó cánceres gástrico y sigmoideo. Neoplasias gastrointestinales se asocian a veces con entidades para neoplásicas aisladas o manifiestan síndromes, pero ni la tríada de Saint ni el síndrome de Heyde se ha incluido. Este paciente persistió clínicamente estable durante el período preoperatorio, pero de repente murió; síndrome de Trousseau sería el mecanismo más probable de muerte súbita en esta situación. Los informes de casos pueden estimular más estudios para obtener un conocimiento adicional sobre esas entidades inusuales.

Type II Quadratus Lumborum block for a sub-total gastrectomy in a septic patient / Bloqueio do quadrado lombar tipo II para uma gastrectomia subtotal em um paciente séptico

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Quadratus Lumborum block was recently described and has already shown good results as an analgesic technique in abdominal surgeries, having the potential to significantly reduce opioids consumption and be a valid alternative to epidural catheter. We performed a type II Quadratus Lumborum block for analgesia in a septic patient having a sub-total gastrectomy. Case report: An 80 year-old, ASA III, male patient, weighting 50 kg, with a history of arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, diagnosed with sepsis due to purulent peritonitis was submitted to an open laparotomy. Bilateral ultrasound-guided type II Quadratus Lumborum block was performed before surgery, using 10 mL of levobupivacaine 0.25% and 5 mL of mepivacaine 1%, per side. Pain relief was achieved 5 minutes after injection and the patient referred no pain in the immediate postoperative period. Discussion: Type II Quadratus Lumborum block may be considered a valid alternative for postoperative analgesia in a septic patient undergoing major abdominal surgery with some relative contraindications to epidural catheter placement. It allowed us to achieve excellent pain management avoiding opioids usage. However, more reports are still needed to properly access its usefulness.

Resumo Introdução e objetivo: O bloqueio do quadrado lombar (QL) foi descrito recentemente e já mostrou bons resultados como técnica analgésica em cirurgias abdominais, com potencial para reduzir significativamente o consumo de opioides e ser uma opção válida ao cateter peridural. Fizemos um bloqueio do QL tipo II para analgesia em um paciente séptico para gastrectomia subtotal. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 80 anos de, ASA III, 50 kg, com história de hipertensão arterial e hipercolesterolemia, diagnosticado com sepsis devido a peritonite purulenta, foi submetido a uma laparotomia aberta. O bloqueio bilateral do QL tipo II guiado por ultrassom foi feito antes da cirurgia com 10 mL de levobupivacaína a 0,25% e 5 mL de mepivacaína a 1%, por lado. O alívio da dor foi obtido em 5 minutos após a injeção e o paciente não referiu dor no pós-operatório imediato. Discussão: O bloqueio do quadrado lombar (QL) tipo II pode ser considerado uma opção válida para analgesia no pós-operatório em um paciente séptico submetido a cirurgia abdominal de grande porte, com algumas contraindicações relativas à colocação do cateter peridural. Permitiu-nos obter um excelente manejo da dor e evitar o uso de opioides. Contudo, mais relatos ainda são necessários para avaliar corretamente a sua utilidade.